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There are two schools of motivation theory--content theory and process theory. Content theory, also referred to as cognitive theory, attempts to specify the internal needs and drives that energize human behavior and to explain how organizational structures and processes can be created and maintained to satisfy those needs. These theories emphasize universal needs and intrinsic rewards like job content, with the characteristics of the job itself as motivators. Content theories are based on the classic needs hierarchy theory of Abraham Maslow and his conception of self-actualization as the highest order of human need. This school of thought also includes McGregor's X and Y theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's needs for achievement, power and affiliation theory and Argyris's theory. (4) ??Process theories concentrate more on the psychological and behavioral processes behind motivation. They emphasize how the motivational process works, how employees gain motivation and how they think about it. Process theories view work as neither inherently attractive nor repellant to workers and focus more on environmental factors that influence behavior. They also concentrate on the process of influencing behavior by providing rewards. Their fundamental premise is that behavior is a function of its expected consequences. Rewarded behavior will be repeated; behavior that is not rewarded or is punished will be discontinued. Although process theories do not deal explicitly with the concept of needs or desires, they do deal with them implicitly. Process theories include expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, operant conditioning theory and behavior modification, reinforcement theory and social learni ...