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Long-Term Financing
An established company is considering expanding its operations, and to achieve their business objectives, the company will require additional long-term capital financing. Long-term financing involves debt or equity instruments with greater than one-year maturities, and the cost of this long-term capital can be calculated using either the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) or Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Model. This report will consider the costs and characteristics of various long-term debt and equity financial instruments, and discuss financial prudent debt/equity ratios. Various dividend and principal repayment policies will also be considered for corporate bonds.
Economist William Sharpe Won the Noble Prize in 1990 for his research on what devolved to be the CAPM theory on estimating the cost of capital for firms and evaluating the performance of managed portfolios. Sharpe "provided much of the basis for what is now termed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)" (Frängsmyr, 1991) through a financial model that explains how securities are priced based on their potential risks and returns. "CAPM is a linear relationship between returns on individual stocks and stock market returns over time" (Block & Hirt, 2005, p. 342). Although more than one formula exists for the CAPM, the most common is referred to as the market risk premium model presented below (Block & Hirt, p. 343):
Kj = Rf + ß(Km ? Rf)
Where: Kj = return on company's common stock
Rf = the risk free rate of return (short-term Treasury bill securities),
ß = beta coefficient, or historical volatility of common stock relative to market in ...