18:59, Tuesday, May 20, 2025

Harvard Referencing

REFERENCING - The Harvard System

Referencing is used to acknowledge the fact that you referred to the work of others in doing your research.

There are many methods that could be used to reference your work. This handout will concentrate on the Harvard System or Author-date system.

EXAMPLE: If want to refer to the views of John Smith published in 1998 that the fall of in interest rates in the latter months of 1997 was result of pressure
being applied by the government on the Central prior to the national election.

In-text Citations
How should different types of references to the work of others be acknowledged?
1. Paraphrase - referring to the work of others in your own words.
The example above.

2. Quotation - repeating in your work the exact words of others.

Note: It is not good academic procedure to copy complete sections from a book into your research work. You should paraphrase the section being referenced and give acknowledgement in due course.
 
3. Two Authors Acknowledged - you need to give the names of both authors in the order given in the original book.

4. More than Two Authors Acknowledged - you should include the names of all the authors in the order they are given in the original book or article. If
subsequent references are made to the same work then it is only necessary to
list the name of the first author followed by et al in all later references.

5. References to Two or More Works of the Same Author - Sometimes you want to refer to two or more different pieces of work by the same author.
The Harvard System states that each work is separately identified by the Author and Date.

6. Several References Cited at the Same Time - refer to the work of a number of aut ...
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